Heat Transfer

8 MCQs1 revision card9-step worked example

Source: NCERT Properties of Bulk MatterPYQ coverage: NEET 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025Official key: NTA-verifiedLast reviewed: May 2026

Lesson

Heat moves from a hotter body to a cooler one through three mechanisms — conduction, convection, and radiation. NEET questions on this topic test whether you can distinguish the mechanism, recall the governing law, and apply the Stefan-Boltzmann formula for radiation problems.

Conduction is heat transfer through a medium without bulk motion of matter. Metals are good conductors; wood, air, and rubber are poor conductors (insulators). The rate of heat flow through a uniform rod depends on thermal conductivity, cross-sectional area, temperature difference, and length. NCERT Class 11 Physics Chapter 10 (page 10) states the law governing steady-state conduction.

Convection is heat transfer by actual movement of fluid. Natural convection arises from density differences (hot fluid rises); forced convection uses an external agent like a fan or pump. Sea breezes and land breezes are standard NCERT examples. Convection cannot occur in solids.

Radiation is heat transfer through electromagnetic waves — no medium required. Every body above 0 K radiates. The Stefan-Boltzmann law gives the total power radiated: P = σεAT⁴, where σ = 5.67 × 10⁻⁸ W m⁻² K⁻⁴, ε is emissivity (1 for a black body), A is surface area, and T is absolute temperature in kelvin (NCERT Class 11 Physics Chapter 10, page 13). The net power radiated to surroundings at temperature T₀ is P_net = σεA(T⁴ − T₀⁴).

Watch-out: A common confusion is computing radiation power using Celsius instead of kelvin — the T⁴ dependence amplifies even a small offset. Always convert to kelvin first. Also note that emissivity ε = 1 for an ideal black body; real surfaces have ε < 1, and a good absorber is also a good emitter (Kirchhoff's law, NCERT Class 11 Physics Chapter 10, page 11).

Practice MCQs

Select an option to see the explanation. Wrong answers show why your choice was tempting — and name the exact trap it exploits.

MCQ 1Easy RecallPractice

Which mode of heat transfer does NOT require a material medium?

MCQ 2Easy RecallPractice

According to Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation, at thermal equilibrium a good absorber of radiation is also a:

MCQ 3Easy RecallPractice

In which of the following is heat transferred primarily by convection?

MCQ 4Direct ApplicationPractice

A black body at temperature T radiates power P. If its absolute temperature is doubled to 2T, the radiated power becomes:

MCQ 5Direct ApplicationPractice

Two identical black bodies are at temperatures 300 K and 600 K. The ratio of the net rate of energy radiated by the hotter body to that of the cooler body is:

MCQ 6Direct ApplicationPractice

A body with surface area 0.10 m² and emissivity 0.60 is at 500 K. Taking σ = 5.67 × 10⁻⁸ W m⁻² K⁻⁴, the power radiated by this body is closest to:

MCQ 7Concept TrapPractice

A thermos flask reduces heat loss by minimising all three modes of transfer. The silvered inner walls primarily reduce heat loss by:

MCQ 8CalculationPractice

A solid sphere of radius R at temperature T is surrounded by an environment at temperature T₀. If the sphere's radius is halved (to R/2) while its temperature and emissivity remain unchanged, by what factor does the net rate of radiative heat loss change?

Quick recall before you leave

Worked Example

1
Given
A furnace wall (treated as a black body, ε = 1) has a small observation hole of area A = 4.0 × 10⁻⁴ m². The furnace interior is at T = 1.50 × 10³ K. The surrounding temperature is T₀ = 300 K. σ = 5.67 × 10⁻⁸ W m⁻² K⁻⁴.
2
Required
Find the net rate of radiative heat loss through the hole.
3
Concept
The hole acts as a black-body radiator (Kirchhoff's law — a small hole in a large cavity is an ideal black body). The net power radiated to the surroundings follows from the Stefan-Boltzmann law.
4
Formula
P_net = σεA(T⁴ − T₀⁴)
5
Substitution
P_net = (5.67 × 10⁻⁸)(1)(4.0 × 10⁻⁴)[(1.50 × 10³)⁴ − (300)⁴]
6
Calculation
T⁴ = (1.50 × 10³)⁴ = (1.50)⁴ × 10¹² = 5.0625 × 10¹² K⁴ T₀⁴ = (300)⁴ = (3.00)⁴ × 10⁸ = 81.00 × 10⁸ = 8.100 × 10⁹ K⁴ T⁴ − T₀⁴ = 5.0625 × 10¹² − 0.0081 × 10¹² = 5.0544 × 10¹² K⁴ σ × ε × A = 5.67 × 10⁻⁸ × 1 × 4.0 × 10⁻⁴ = 2.268 × 10⁻¹¹ W K⁻⁴ P_net = 2.268 × 10⁻¹¹ × 5.0544 × 10¹² = 2.268 × 5.0544 × 10¹ = 114.6 × 10¹ ≈ 115 W Note on exact quantities: ε = 1 (ideal black body, exact by definition) and the integer 4 in 4πR² or the exponent 4 in T⁴ are mathematical constants — they do not limit significant figures. The answer is reported to 3 significant figures, governed by the given area (4.0 × 10⁻⁴ has 2 sig figs) and temperature (1.50 × 10³ has 3 sig figs), so 2 sig figs controls: P_net ≈ 1.1 × 10² W.
7
Final answer
P_net ≈ 1.1 × 10² W (two significant figures, governed by the area measurement 4.0 × 10⁻⁴ m²).
8
Common trap
Using Celsius instead of kelvin: if you mistakenly use 1500 °C as T without converting, the answer balloons because (1773)⁴ ≫ (1500)⁴. Always confirm T is in kelvin before raising to the fourth power.
9
Similar NEET-style question
A spherical black body of radius 0.10 m is at 800 K in surroundings at 300 K. Find the net rate of radiative heat loss. (Hint: compute A = 4πr², then apply P_net = σA(T⁴ − T₀⁴).) ---

Before solving, remember these

Law

Newton's law of cooling

Rate of cooling of a body is proportional to the temperature difference between body and surroundings: dT/dt = -k(T - T_surroundings). Holds for small temperature differences.

-- NCERT, p. 10

Key Fact

Modes of heat transfer

Conduction: through direct contact (Fourier's law: dQ/dt = -k A dT/dx). Convection: bulk motion of fluid (natural or forced). Radiation: electromagnetic waves; no medium needed; Stefan-Boltzmann: P = σ ε A T⁴.

-- NCERT, p. 11

Formula

Stefan-Boltzmann law

Power radiated by a black body: P = σ A T⁴, where σ = 5.67 × 10⁻⁸ W/m²/K⁴. For grey body: P = ε σ A T⁴ with emissivity ε ≤ 1. Net power emitted to surroundings at T_s: P = ε σ A (T⁴ - T_s⁴).

-- NCERT, p. 13

Formulas

12 formulas — click to collapse

Bernoulli's equation

P + \frac{1}{2} ρ v^{2} + ρ g h = const

Conservation of energy along a streamline of incompressible non-viscous flow.

Symbol	Quantity	SI Unit
P	pressure	Pa
rho	density	kg/m^3
v	speed	m/s
g	gravity	m/s^2
h	height	m

Valid when

Steady, non-viscous, incompressible flow
Along a single streamline
No work added/removed

Bulk modulus

K = - V \frac{d P}{d V}

Resistance of a material to uniform compression. Inverse: compressibility.

Symbol	Quantity	SI Unit
K	bulk modulus	Pa
V	volume	m^3
P	pressure	Pa

Valid when

Isotropic compression
Within elastic regime

Capillary rise/depression

h = \frac{2 T c o s θ}{ρ g r}

Height a liquid rises (or falls) in a capillary tube. cos(theta) > 0: rises (wetting); < 0: depresses.

Symbol	Quantity	SI Unit
h	capillary height	m
T	surface tension	N/m
theta	contact angle	rad
rho	density	kg/m^3
r	tube radius	m

Valid when

Narrow tube (capillary regime)
Constant theta

Pressure in static fluid

P = P_{0} + ρ g h

Pressure at depth h below free surface of fluid of density rho.

Symbol	Quantity	SI Unit
P	total pressure	Pa
P0	atmospheric/surface pressure	Pa
rho	density	kg/m^3
h	depth	m

Valid when

Static fluid (no flow)
Constant g
Constant rho (incompressible)

Latent heat

Q = m L

Heat absorbed/released during phase change at constant T. L_fusion or L_vaporisation.

Symbol	Quantity	SI Unit
Q	heat	J
m	mass	kg
L	latent heat	J/kg

Valid when

Phase transition (constant T during)
All mass m undergoes the transition

Specific heat / heat capacity

Q = m c Δ T

Heat required to raise mass m by temperature Delta_T. Specific heat c is material property.

Symbol	Quantity	SI Unit
Q	heat	J
m	mass	kg
c	specific heat	J/kg/K
Delta_T	temp change	K

Valid when

No phase change during heating
c approximately constant in temp range

Stefan-Boltzmann radiation law

P = σ ε A T^{4}

Radiation power from a body. Black body epsilon=1; net to surroundings P = sigma*epsilon*A*(T^4 - T_s^4).

Symbol	Quantity	SI Unit
sigma	Stefan-Boltzmann = 5.67e-8	W/m^2/K^4
epsilon	emissivity (0-1)	-
A	surface area	m^2
T	absolute temp	K

Valid when

Body in radiative equilibrium
T in kelvins

Stokes' law (viscous drag on sphere)

F = 6 π η r v

Drag force on a sphere of radius r moving with velocity v through viscous fluid (low Reynolds number).

Symbol	Quantity	SI Unit
F	drag force	N
eta	viscosity	Pa*s
r	sphere radius	m
v	velocity	m/s

Valid when

Smooth, slow flow (low Reynolds number)
Spherical body
Newtonian fluid

Excess pressure inside drop/bubble

Δ P_{drop} = \frac{2 T}{r}; Δ P_{bubble} = \frac{4 T}{r}

Excess internal pressure due to surface tension. Bubble has 2 surfaces, hence factor 4.

Symbol	Quantity	SI Unit
Delta_P	excess pressure	Pa
T	surface tension	N/m
r	radius	m

Valid when

Spherical drop or bubble
Constant T (one fluid pair)

Terminal velocity of sphere in viscous fluid

v_{t} = \frac{2 r ^{2} g ( ρ _{s} - ρ _{f} )}{9 η}

Constant velocity reached when net force is zero (gravity balanced by buoyancy + viscous drag).

Symbol	Quantity	SI Unit
v_t	terminal velocity	m/s
r	sphere radius	m
rho_s	sphere density	kg/m^3
rho_f	fluid density	kg/m^3
eta	viscosity	Pa*s

Valid when

Steady state (net force zero)
Stokes regime applicable

Thermal expansion (linear/area/volume)

\frac{Δ L}{L} = α Δ T; \frac{Δ A}{A} = 2 α Δ T; \frac{Δ V}{V} = β Δ T

Fractional change in length, area, volume per degree temperature change.

Symbol	Quantity	SI Unit
alpha	linear coefficient	1/K
beta	volume coefficient	1/K
Delta_T	temperature change	K

Valid when

Isotropic material
Modest temperature range (alpha ~ constant)

Young's modulus

Y = \frac{F L}{A Δ L}

Ratio of longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain in a stretched wire/rod within elastic limit.

Symbol	Quantity	SI Unit
Y	Young's modulus	Pa
F	applied force	N
A	cross-section area	m^2
L	original length	m
Delta_L	extension	m

Valid when

Within elastic limit (Hooke's law region)
Uniform cross-section
Force along length

Exam Traps & Common Mistakes

These are the exact patterns that cause wrong answers in NEET. Each trap includes when it triggers and how to avoid it.

5 items — click to collapse

Trap

Soap bubble vs drop excess pressure

Category: Similar Terms

Student uses 2T/r for soap bubble (drop formula). Bubble has 2 surfaces → 4T/r.

When it triggers

Question mentions soap bubble OR liquid drop OR air bubble in liquid.

How to avoid

Drop in air: 1 surface → 2T/r. Soap bubble in air: 2 surfaces → 4T/r. Air bubble in liquid: 1 surface → 2T/r.

Trap

Young's vs bulk modulus confusion

Category: Similar Terms

Student uses Y formula when problem is about volumetric compression (use K) or vice versa.

When it triggers

Problem describes longitudinal stretching (use Y), volumetric pressure (use K), or shear (use G).

How to avoid

Y: longitudinal stress/strain. K: volumetric. G: shear. Match modulus to deformation type.

Mistake

Uses 2T/r excess-pressure formula for soap bubble. Bubble has 2 surfaces → 4T/r.

Root cause: concept gap

Correction

Drop in air: 1 surface → ΔP = 2T/r. Soap bubble: 2 surfaces (inner + outer) → ΔP = 4T/r. Air bubble inside liquid: 1 surface → 2T/r.

Mistake

Treats v_terminal as linear in r instead of r².

Root cause: formula misuse

Correction

v_t ∝ r² (because Stokes drag ∝ r v, gravity ∝ r³ - r³ = r³_diff). Doubling radius quadruples terminal velocity, not doubles.

Mistake

Uses Young's modulus formula for volumetric compression problem (or vice versa).

Root cause: formula misuse

Correction

Y for longitudinal stretch (FL/A·ΔL); K for volumetric compression (-V·dP/dV); G for shear. Match modulus type to deformation type before computing.

Past Year Questions

15 questions from NEET 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025. Answers verified against NTA official keys. — click to collapse

NEET 2025

A balloon is made of a material of surface tension S and its inflation outlet (from where gas is filled in it) has small area A. It is filled with a gas of density ρ and takes a spherical shape of radius R. When the gas is allowed to flow freely out of it, its radius r changes from R to 0 (zero) in time T. If the speed v(r) of gas coming out of the balloon depends on r as ra and T ∝ Sα Aβ ργ Rδ then 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 3

1a= ,α= ,β=− ,γ= ,δ=

2a= ,α= ,β=−1,γ=+1,δ= 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 7

3a=− ,α=– ,β=−1,γ=− ,δ=

4a=− ,α=− ,β=−1,γ= ,δ= 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

NTA Answer: Option 4(final)

NEET 2025

Consider a water tank shown in the figure. It has one wall at x = L and can be taken to be very wide in the z direction. When filled with a liquid of surface tension S and density ρ, the liquid surface makes angle θ 0 (θ 0 << 1) with the x-axis at x = L. If y(x) is the height of the surface then the equation for y(x) is: dy (takeθ(x)=sinθ(x)=tanθ(x)= ,g is the acceleration due to gravity) dx dy ρg d2y ρg

1= x

2= x dx S dx2 S d2y ρg d2y ρg

3= y

4= dx2 S dx2 S

NTA Answer: Option 3(final)

NEET 2024Revised key

The maximum elongation of a steel wire of 1 m length if the elastic limit of steel and its Young’s modulus, respectively, are 8 × 108 N m–2 and 2 × 1011 N m–2, is:

14 mm

20.4 mm

340 mm

48 mm

NTA Answer: Option 1(revised_final)

NEET 2024Revised key

A thin flat circular disc of radius 4.5 cm is placed gently over the surface of water. If surface tension of water is 0.07 Nm–1, then the excess force required to take it away from the surface is

119.8 mN

2198 N

31.98 mN

499 N

NTA Answer: Option 1(revised_final)

NEET 2024Revised key

A metallic bar of Young’s modulus, 0.5 × 1011 N m–2 and coefficient of linear thermal expansion 10–5 °C–1, length 1 m and area of cross-section 10–3 m2 is heated from 0°C to 100°C without expansion or bending. The compressive force developed in it is :

15 × 103 N

250 × 103 N

3100 × 103 N

42 × 103 N

NTA Answer: Option 2(revised_final)

NEET 2023

The amount of energy required to form a soap bubble of radius 2 cm from a soap solution is nearly (surface tension of soap solution = 0.03 N m–1)

15.06 × 10–4 J

23.01 × 10–4 J

350.1 × 10–4 J

430.16 × 10–4 J

NTA Answer: Option 2(final)

NEET 2023

The venturi-meter works on

1Bernoulli’s principle

2The principle of parallel axes

3The principle of perpendicular axes

4Huygen’s principle

NTA Answer: Option 1(final)

NEET 2023

Let a wire be suspended from the ceiling (rigid support) and stretched by a weight W attached at its free end. The longitudinal stress at any point of cross-sectional area A of the wire is

1W/A

2W/2A

3Zero

42W/A

NTA Answer: Option 1(final)

NEET 2022

If a soap bubble expands, the pressure inside the bubble

1Is equal to the atmospheric pressure

2Decreases

3Increases

4Remains the same

NTA Answer: Option 2(final)

NEET 2022

A spherical ball is dropped in a long column of a highly viscous liquid. The curve in the graph shown, which represents the speed of the ball (v) as a function of time (t) is

NTA Answer: Option 3(final)

NEET 2022

Given below are two statements : One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R). Assertion (A): The stretching of a spring is determined by the shear modulus of the material of the spring. Reason (R): A coil spring of copper has more tensile strength than a steel spring of same dimensions. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below

1(A) is false but (R) is true

2Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

3Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

4(A) is true but (R) is false

NTA Answer: Option 4(final)

NEET 2021

The velocity of a small ball of mass M and density d, when dropped in a container filled with glycerine becomes constant after some time. If the density of d glycerine is , then the viscous force acting on the 2 ball will be Mg

12Mg

22 3 Mg

3Mg

NTA Answer: Option 2(final)

NEET 2021

A cup coffee cools from 90°C to 80°C in t minutes, when the room temperature is 20°C. The time taken by a similar cup of coffee to cool from 80°C to 60°C at a room temperature same at 20°C is 5 13 t t

1(2) 13 10 13 10 t t

2d hc   2m c  λ2 λ =  

3(4) 5 13

4d h  

NTA Answer: Option 3(final)

NEET 2020

r U U 17. A capillary tube of radius r is immersed in water ° h – ÷ U and water rises in it to a height h. The mass of the water in the capillary is 5 g. Another capillary 5 g – 2r tube of radius 2r is immersed in water. The mass U – U — of water that will rise in this tube is :

22.5 g

35.0 g

NTA Answer: Option 4(final)

NEET 2020

r U r (r =1.5 r ) U U 45. The quantities of heat required to raise the 1 2 1 2 1 K fl h U fl c temperature of two solid copper spheres of radii — r and r (r =1.5 r ) through 1 K are in the 1 2 1 2 5 ratio :

127 3

29 8

33 4

NTA Answer: Option 2(final)

How NEET usually asks this

5 recurring patterns from past papers — click to collapse

Apply Bernoulli's equation to flow through pipes of varying cross-section / heights / Venturi-like geometries.

InterpretationMedium

Common distractors

forgets height term

Drops rho*g*h term

equates pressures incorrectly

Picks wrong reference points

Two bodies of given material and dimensions; find ratio of heat needed for same temp change. Q ∝ m c.

Direct ApplicationEasy

Common distractors

ignores mass difference

Compares only specific heats, not masses

Energy to form a bubble of given radius from soap solution; or pressure inside vs outside. Bubble has 2 surfaces (factor 4T/r).

Direct ApplicationEasy

Common distractors

uses 2T r instead of 4T r for bubble

Treats soap bubble like a drop

Sphere falling in viscous liquid; find terminal velocity or shape of v(t) curve. v_t ∝ r^2.

InterpretationMedium

Common distractors

expects linear acceleration

Default to constant acceleration without recognising drag-induced terminal v

Wire stretching: given Y, length, area, force or stress, find elongation or stress at limit. Y = FL/(A delta_L).

Multi StepMedium

Common distractors

uses bulk modulus formula

Confuses Y with K

Sources

NCERT refs: Class 11 Physics Chapter 10, p.13 | Class 11 Physics Chapter 10, p.11

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