Which Class 11 NCERT Biology lines has NEET asked about more than once?

74 of the 243 lines on this page were tested by two or more questions. The most tested: Mitochondria and plastids (NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 97; 5 questions, 2024, 2025, 2026); The Pituitary Gland (NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 241; 4 questions, 2024, 2025, 2026); Stamen fusion types: mono/di/polyadelphous (NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 64; 4 questions, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024); Fabaceae (Leguminosae): floral characters of pea (NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 5, p. 79; 4 questions, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2025); Spindle fibres position and then separate chromosomes (NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 123; 3 questions, 2023, 2024, 2025).

How were these NCERT lines chosen?

Each line is an Class 11 NCERT Biology passage that a NEET question from 2020 to 2026 was matched to directly: the question can be answered from that line. 243 lines across 23 chapters, tied to 225 questions. The count covers the questions matched to our NCERT extract, which does not yet hold every page of the book, so a line missing here may still have been tested.

Which page numbers are these?

The page number printed in the NCERT book, not the page of a PDF file. Chapters are numbered as the current (2023 rationalised) edition prints them; a chapter that edition dropped is marked pre-2023 edition.

Which Class 11 NCERT Biology chapter has the most lines NEET tested?

Animal Kingdom (Class 11, Chapter 4): 25 lines, tied to 15 questions.

NCERT line-by-line Biology Class 11 for NEET: the lines NEET tested

Reading NCERT line by line works best when you know which lines NEET turns into questions. This page lists 243 Class 11 NCERT Biology lines across 23 chapters that NEET questions from 2020 to 2026 were answered from, 225 questions in all. Each line gives the page printed in your NCERT book, the years and question numbers that tested it, and the lesson that teaches it.

Quotation marks mean NCERT's own words, checked against the book's page text and cut to a single line; open your copy at the page for the full passage. Where a line has no quotation, the text is our summary. A question is matched to a line only when the line alone answers it, and only questions you can solve on this site are listed.

Each chapter opens with its topic index: the PrepBrix lessons on that chapter in NCERT page order, each with the first printed page it cites and its count of past NEET questions. The Class 12 lines are on their own page.

Class 11, Chapter 1: The Living World

Printed pages 1–9. 1 line tested by 2 questions.

Topics in this chapter (1), in NCERT order

Biodiversity Nomenclaturep. 34 PYQs

Taxonomic categories
Tested 2 times
In short: The taxonomic hierarchy: Kingdom > Phylum (Division for plants) > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 1, p. 8, section 1.3
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q119, NEET 2022 Q177
Learn it: Biodiversity Nomenclature

Class 11, Chapter 2: Biological Classification

Printed pages 10–22. 12 lines tested by 10 questions.

Topics in this chapter (5), in NCERT order

Five Kingdomp. 111 PYQ
Monerap. 124 PYQs
Protistap. 140 PYQs
Fungip. 165 PYQs
Viruses Viroids Lichensp. 193 PYQs

Body organisation across the five kingdoms (Table 2.1)
In short: Table 2.1 gives body organisation as: Monera - Cellular
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 2, p. 11, section 2.0
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q153
Learn it: Five Kingdom
Cyanobacteria are autotrophic Monerans
“The cyanobacteria (also referred to as blue-green algae) have chlorophyll a similar to green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 2, p. 13, section 2.1.2
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q200
Learn it: Monera
Cyanobacteria fix nitrogen in heterocysts (Nostoc, Anabaena)
“Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called heterocysts, e.g., Nostoc and Anabaena”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 2, p. 13, section 2.1.2
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q142
Learn it: Fungi
Yeast used to make bread and beer
“Some unicellular fungi, e.g., yeast are used to make bread and beer”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 2, p. 16, section 2.3
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q158
Learn it: Microbes Household Industrial
Criteria for classifying fungi into classes
“The morphology of the mycelium, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies form the basis for the division of the kingdom into various classes”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 2, p. 17, section 2.3
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q119
Learn it: Fungi
Fungal sexual cycle: plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis
Tested 2 times
“The sexual cycle involves the following three steps: (i) Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes called plasmogamy. (ii) Fusion of two nuclei called karyogamy. (iii) Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 2, p. 17, section 2.3
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q129, NEET 2021 Q142
Learn it: Fungi
Rhizopus is a Phycomycete (bread mould)
“Some common examples are Mucor (Figure 2.5a), Rhizopus (the bread mould mentioned earlier) and Albugo (the parasitic fungi on mustard)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 2, p. 17, section 2.3.1
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q107
Learn it: Fungi
Ascomycetes (Penicillium) form conidia asexually
“Commonly known as sac-fungi, the ascomycetes are mostly multicellular, e.g., Penicillium, or rarely unicellular, e.g., yeast”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 2, p. 17, section 2.3.2
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q155
Learn it: Fungi
Agaricus, Ustilago, Puccinia are Basidiomycetes
“Some common members are Agaricus (mushroom) (Figure 2.5c), Ustilago (smut) and Puccinia (rust fungus)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 2, p. 18, section 2.3.3
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q107
Learn it: Fungi
Viruses, viroids, prions, lichens
Tested 2 times
In short: Viruses are non-cellular, obligate intracellular parasites
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 2, p. 19, section 2.5
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q92, NEET 2026 Q101
Learn it: Viruses Viroids Lichens
Lichens: symbiotic associations between algae and fungi
“Lichens are symbiotic associations i.e. mutually useful associations, between algae and fungi”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 2, p. 21, section 2.5
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q92
Learn it: Viruses Viroids Lichens
Prions (abnormally folded protein) cause BSE, mad cow disease
“…transmitted by an agent consisting of abnormally folded protein”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 2, p. 21, section 2.5
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q101
Learn it: Viruses Viroids Lichens

Class 11, Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom

Printed pages 23–36. 14 lines tested by 14 questions.

Topics in this chapter (4), in NCERT order

Plant Kingdom Algaep. 244 PYQs
Plant Kingdomp. 264 PYQs
Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Pteridophytesp. 299 PYQs
Plant Kingdom Gymnospermsp. 323 PYQs

Hydrocolloids: algin (brown), carrageen (red)
“Certain marine brown and red algae produce large amounts of hydrocolloids (water holding substances), e.g., algin (brown algae) and carrageen (red algae) which are used commercially”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 3, p. 26, section 3.1
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q104
Learn it: Plant Kingdom Algae · Plant Kingdom
Phaeophyceae: reproduction, pigments, cell wall
“They possess chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids and xanthophylls”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 3, p. 27, section 3.1.2
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q142
Learn it: Plant Kingdom Algae · Plant Kingdom
Bryophytes
In short: Bryophytes are 'amphibians of the plant kingdom' — gametophyte dominant
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 3, p. 29, section 3.2
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q106
Learn it: Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Pteridophytes · Plant Kingdom
Bryophyte life cycle sequence
“…attached to the substratum by unicellular or multicellular rhizoids”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 3, p. 29, section 3.2
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q154
Learn it: Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Pteridophytes · Plant Kingdom
Liverwort gemmae: asexual reproduction
Tested 2 times
“Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by fragmentation of thalli, or by the formation of specialised structures called gemmae (sing. gemma)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 3, p. 29, section 3.2.1
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q102, NEET 2021 Q120
Learn it: Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Pteridophytes · Plant Kingdom
Strobili or cones in pteridophytes
“In some cases sporophylls may form distinct compact structures called strobili or cones (Selaginella, Equisetum)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 3, p. 30, section 3.3
Tested in: NEET 2020 Q118
Learn it: Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Pteridophytes · Plant Kingdom
Pteridophyte spores form by meiosis
“The sporangia produce spores by meiosis in spore mother cells”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 3, p. 30, section 3.3
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q141
Learn it: Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Pteridophytes · Plant Kingdom
Heterosporous pteridophytes: Selaginella, Salvinia
Tested 2 times
“Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are known as heterosporous”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 3, p. 32, section 3.3
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q112, NEET 2021 Q133
Learn it: Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Pteridophytes · Plant Kingdom
Pteridophyte classification
In short: The pteridophytes are further classified into four classes: Psilopsida (Psilotum)
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 3, p. 32, section 3.3
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q121
Learn it: Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Pteridophytes
Pteridophyte prothallus and fertilisation
“…free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called prothallus. These gametophytes require cool, damp, shady places to grow”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 3, p. 32, section 3.3
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q141
Learn it: Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Pteridophytes · Plant Kingdom
Gymnosperms
In short: Gymnosperms: naked seeds (no fruit)
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 3, p. 32, section 3.4
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q129
Learn it: Plant Kingdom Gymnosperms · Plant Kingdom
Gymnosperms: general features
In short: Gymnosperms (gymnos: naked, sperma: seeds) are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilisation
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 3, p. 32, section 3.4
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q111
Learn it: Plant Kingdom Gymnosperms
Gymnosperm pollen tube grows to archegonia
“The pollen grain is released from the microsporangium. They are carried in air currents and come in contact with the opening of the ovules”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 3, p. 33, section 3.4
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q139
Learn it: Plant Kingdom Gymnosperms · Plant Kingdom
Gymnosperms: fertilisation and seed formation
In short: Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms the male and female gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 3, p. 33, section 3.4
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q111
Learn it: Plant Kingdom Gymnosperms

Class 11, Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom

Printed pages 37–54. 25 lines tested by 15 questions.

Topics in this chapter (2), in NCERT order

Animal Kingdom Nonchordatesp. 3710 PYQs
Animal Kingdom Chordatesp. 4712 PYQs

Coelenterates, ctenophores, echinoderms are radial
Tested 2 times
“…it is called radial symmetry. Coelenterates, ctenophores and echinoderms have this kind of body plan”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 38, section 4.1.2
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q107, NEET 2023 Q175
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Coelomate, pseudocoelomate, acoelomate defined
Tested 2 times
“Animals possessing coelom are called coelomates, e.g., annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 39, section 4.1.4
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q176, NEET 2023 Q195
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates · Animal Kingdom Chordates
Physalia is the Portuguese man-of-war
“Examples: Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war), Adamsia (Sea anemone), Pennatula (Sea-pen), Gorgonia (Sea-fan) and Meandrina (Brain coral)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 41, section 4.2.2
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q156
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Coelenterata: aquatic, radially symmetrical
“They are aquatic, mostly marine, sessile or free-swimming, radially symmetrical animals”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 41, section 4.2.2
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q175
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Pleurobrachia is an example of Ctenophora
“Fertilisation is external with indirect development. Examples: Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 42, section 4.2.3
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q165
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Ctenophora bioluminescence; Ctenoplana example
“Bioluminescence (the property of a living organism to emit light) is well-marked in ctenophores. Sexes are not separate. Reproduction takes place only by sexual means. Fertilisation is external with indirect development. Examples: Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 42, section 4.2.3
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q175
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Ancylostoma is the hookworm (Aschelminthes)
“Examples : Ascaris (Roundworm), Wuchereria (Filaria worm), Ancylostoma (Hookworm)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 43, section 4.2.5
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q156
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Arthropoda
In short: Largest phylum
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 44, section 4.2.6
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q134
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Limulus (King crab) is a living fossil
“Gregarious pest – Locusta (Locust) Living fossil – Limulus (King crab)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 44, section 4.2.7
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q156
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Radula is Mollusca's rasping feeding organ
“The mouth contains a file-like rasping organ for feeding, called radula”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 44, section 4.2.8
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q165
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Pinctada is the pearl oyster (Mollusca)
“Examples: Pila (Apple snail), Pinctada (Pearl oyster), Sepia”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 45, section 4.2.8
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q156
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Water vascular system: locomotion, feeding, respiration
“The most distinctive feature of echinoderms is the presence of water vascular system which helps in locomotion, capture and transport of food and respiration”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 45, section 4.2.9
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q123
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Asterias: adult radial, larva bilateral
“The adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical but larvae are bilaterally symmetrical”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 45, section 4.2.9
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q107
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Hemichordates are bilaterally symmetrical
“They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 45, section 4.2.10
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q175
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Stomochord is Hemichordata's notochord-like structure
“Hemichordates have a rudimentary structure in the collar region called stomochord, a structure similar to notochord”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 45, section 4.2.10
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q165
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Vertebrates are chordates; notochord replaced
Tested 2 times
“The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 46, section 4.2.11
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q93, NEET 2022 Q158
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Chordates
Chordates have closed circulation, gill slits
“They possess a post anal tail and a closed circulatory system”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 46, section 4.2.11
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q195
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Chordates
Table 4.1 chordate vs non-chordate features
Tested 2 times
In short: Chordates have notochord present, dorsal hollow single nerve cord, pharynx with gill slits, ventral heart, post-anal tail present
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 46, section 4.2.11
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q132, NEET 2024 Q188
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Chordates
Myxine (Hagfish) is a Cyclostomata example
“Their larvae, after metamorphosis, return to the ocean. Examples: Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 47, section 4.2.11.1
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q183
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Chordates
All Cyclostomata are ectoparasites
“All living members of the class Cyclostomata are ectoparasites on some fishes”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 47, section 4.2.11.1
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q110
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Chordates
Pristis (Saw fish) is a Chondrichthyes example
“Examples: Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw fish), Carcharodon (Great white shark), Trygon (Sting ray)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 48, section 4.2.11.2
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q183
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Chordates
Air bladder regulates buoyancy in Osteichthyes
“Skin is covered with cycloid/ctenoid scales. Air bladder is present which regulates buoyancy”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 48, section 4.2.11.3
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q165
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Nonchordates
Exocoetus, Pterophyllum are Osteichthyes examples
“Examples: Marine – Exocoetus (Flying fish), Hippocampus (Sea horse)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 48, section 4.2.11.3
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q183
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Chordates
Frog: a tympanum represents the ear
“A tympanum represents the ear”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 48, section 4.2.11.3
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q196
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Chordates
Mammary glands, hair, pinnae unique to mammals
“The most unique mammalian characteristic is the presence of milk producing glands (mammary glands)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 4, p. 50, section 4.2.11.7
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q196
Learn it: Animal Kingdom Chordates

Class 11, Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

Printed pages 55–70. 19 lines tested by 18 questions.

Topics in this chapter (5), in NCERT order

Fibrous roots originate from stem base
“These roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute the fibrous root system, as seen in the wheat plant”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 58, section 5.1
Tested in: NEET 2020 Q110
Learn it: Morphology Root Stem · Morphology Flowering Plants
Phyllotaxy
In short: Phyllotaxy is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch, usually of three types: alternate, opposite and whorled
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 61, section 5.3.3
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q105
Learn it: Morphology Leaf Inflorescence
Flower is a modified shoot with floral meristem
“A flower is a modified shoot wherein the shoot apical meristem changes to floral meristem”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 61, section 5.4
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q145
Learn it: Morphology Flowering Plants
Zygomorphic flower examples
Tested 2 times
“When it can be divided into two similar halves only in one particular vertical plane, it is zygomorphic, e.g., pea, gulmohur, bean, Cassia”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 62, section 5.5
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q106, NEET 2022 Q109
Learn it: Morphology Flowering Plants
Actinomorphic flower examples
Tested 2 times
“When a flower can be divided into two equal radial halves in any radial plane passing through the centre, it is said to be actinomorphic, e.g., mustard, datura, chilli”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 62, section 5.5
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q106, NEET 2024 Q109
Learn it: Morphology Flowering Plants
Epigynous flowers have inferior ovary
“In epigynous flowers, the margin of thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting fused with it, the other parts of flower arise above the ovary. Hence, the ovary is said to be inferior as in flowers of guava and cucumber, and the ray florets of sunflower”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 63, section 5.5
Tested in: NEET 2020 Q105
Learn it: Morphology Flowering Plants
Perigynous flower: half inferior ovary
Tested 2 times
“If gynoecium is situated in the centre and other parts of the flower are located on the rim of the thalamus almost at the same level, it is called perigynous”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 63, section 5.5
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q138, NEET 2020 Q122
Learn it: Morphology Flowering Plants
Vexillary aestivation in pea and bean
“In pea and bean flowers, there are five petals, the largest (standard) overlaps the two lateral petals (wings) which in turn overlap the two smallest anterior petals (keel); this type of aestivation is known as vexillary or papilionaceous”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 64, section 5.5.1.2
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q125
Learn it: Families Fabaceae Solanaceae
Twisted aestivation: china rose, lady's finger, cotton
“If one margin of the appendage overlaps that of the next one and so on as in china rose, lady's finger and cotton, it is called twisted”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 64, section 5.5.1.2
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q138
Learn it: Morphology Flowering Plants
Stamen fusion types: mono/di/polyadelphous
Tested 4 times
“The stamens may be united into one bunch or one bundle (monoadelphous) as in china rose, or two bundles (diadelphous) as in pea, or into more than two bundles (polyadelphous) as in citrus”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 64, section 5.5.1.3
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q147, NEET 2023 Q115, NEET 2022 Q125, NEET 2021 Q104
Learn it: Families Fabaceae Solanaceae · Morphology Flowering Plants
Marginal placentation: two rows of ovules on the ventral suture, as in pea
Tested 2 times
“In marginal placentation the placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary and the ovules are borne on this ridge forming two rows, as in pea”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 65, section 5.5
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q120, NEET 2024 Q138
Learn it: Morphology Flowering Plants
Axile placentation: china rose, tomato, lemon
Tested 2 times
“When the placenta is axial and the ovules are attached to it in a multilocular ovary, the placentaion is said to be axile, as in china rose, tomato and lemon”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 65, section 5.5.1.4
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q120, NEET 2023 Q114
Learn it: Morphology Flowering Plants
Parietal placentation (mustard, Argemone); free central (Dianthus, Primrose)
“In parietal placentation, the ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary or on peripheral part”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 65, section 5.5.1.4
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q120
Learn it: Morphology Flowering Plants
Drupe fruit: mango and coconut
“In mango and coconut, the fruit is known as a drupe”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 65, section 5.6
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q138
Learn it: Morphology Flowering Plants
Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed
In short: Generally monocotyledonous seeds are endospermic, but some, as in orchids, are non-endospermic
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 67, section 5.7.2
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q163
Learn it: Post Fertilization Seed Fruit · Morphology Fruit Seed
Floral formula symbols for ovary position and symmetry
“…for superior ovary and G for inferior ovary, for male, for female, for bisexual plants, ⊕ for actinomorphic Figure 5.16 Floral diagram with floral formula”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 67, section 5.8
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q151
Learn it: Morphology Flowering Plants
Solanaceae androecium is epipetalous
“Corolla: petals five, united; valvate aestivation Androecium: stamens five, epipetalous Gynoecium: bicarpellary obligately placed, syncarpous; ovary superior”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 69, section 5.9
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q115
Learn it: Families Fabaceae Solanaceae
Solanaceae floral characters: actinomorphic, valvate corolla, epipetalous stamens; petunia
Tested 3 times
“Flower: bisexual, actinomorphic”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 69, section 5.9
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q113, NEET 2025 Q106, NEET 2022 Q125
Learn it: Families Fabaceae Solanaceae · Morphology Flowering Plants
Solanaceae: calyx of five united sepals; ovary superior
“Calyx: sepals five, united, persistent, valvate aestivation”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 69, section 5.9
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q113
Learn it: Families Fabaceae Solanaceae

Class 11, Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Printed pages 71–78. 5 lines tested by 3 questions.

Topics in this chapter (2), in NCERT order

Anatomy Dicot Monocotp. 763 PYQs
Anatomy Flowering Plantsp. 7712 PYQs

Radial vascular bundle arrangement in roots
“When xylem and phloem within a vascular bundle are arranged in an alternate manner along the different radii, the arrangement is called radial such as in roots”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 6, p. 73, section 6.1.3
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q105
Learn it: Anatomy Dicot Monocot
Monocot root has polyarch xylem bundles
“…there are usually more than six (polyarch) xylem bundles in the monocot root”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 6, p. 74, section 6.2.2
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q105
Learn it: Anatomy Dicot Monocot
Monocot stem: sclerenchymatous hypodermis, no phloem parenchyma
“The monocot stem has a sclerenchymatous hypodermis, a large number of scattered vascular bundles, each surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 6, p. 76, section 6.2.4
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q145
Learn it: Anatomy Dicot Monocot
Dicot vs monocot stem (TS)
Tested 2 times
In short: Dicot stem: vascular bundles in a ring, conjoint, open (cambium present), endarch
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 6, p. 76, section 6.4
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q145, NEET 2022 Q105
Learn it: Anatomy Dicot Monocot
Flaccid bulliform cells curl monocot leaves inward
“When they are flaccid due to water stress, they make the leaves curl inwards to minimise water loss”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 6, p. 77, section 6.2.6
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q130
Learn it: Anatomy Flowering Plants

Class 11, Chapter 7: Structural Organisation in Animals

Printed pages 79–84. 3 lines tested by 5 questions.

Topics in this chapter (2), in NCERT order

Animal Tissuesp. 805 PYQs
Frog Anatomyp. 8210 PYQs

Male frog copulatory pad on forelimb first digit
“Male frogs can be distinguished by the presence of sound producing vocal sacs and also a copulatory pad on the first digit of the fore limbs which are absent in female frogs”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 7, p. 81, section 7.2.1
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q146
Learn it: Frog Anatomy
Frog respiration differs in water vs on land
Tested 2 times
“In water, skin acts as aquatic respiratory organ (cutaneous respiration)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 7, p. 82, section 7.2.2
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q103, NEET 2025 Q130
Learn it: Frog Anatomy
Frog vena cava and portal systems
Tested 2 times
“It receives blood through the major veins called vena cava”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 7, p. 82, section 7.2.2
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q134, NEET 2025 Q174
Learn it: Frog Anatomy

Class 11, Chapter 8: Cell — The Unit of Life

Printed pages 85–103. 23 lines tested by 22 questions.

Topics in this chapter (7), in NCERT order

Cell Theoryp. 882 PYQs
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryoticp. 913 PYQs
Cell Membrane Wallp. 932 PYQs
Cell Organelles Endomembranep. 956 PYQs
Cell Organelles Mitochondria Plastidp. 976 PYQs
Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Ciliap. 985 PYQs
Nucleus Chromosomesp. 1013 PYQs

Reductionist Biology (Unit 3 opener)
“This physico-chemical approach to study and understand living organisms is called ‘Reductionist Biology’”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 85, section 8.0
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q177
Learn it: Cell Theory
Cell theory
In short: Cell theory (Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow): all living organisms are composed of cells
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 88, section 8.1
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q93
Learn it: Cell Theory
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic
In short: Prokaryotes: no membrane-bound nucleus, smaller (1-10 μm), 70S ribosomes, no true organelles, single circular DNA, peptidoglycan cell wall (bacteria)
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 91, section 8.3
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q151
Learn it: Cell Organelles Endomembrane · Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Mesosome: functions in prokaryotic cell
“A special membranous structure is the mesosome which is formed by the extensions of plasma membrane into the cell. These extensions are in the form of vesicles, tubules and lamellae”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 91, section 8.4.1
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q172
Learn it: Monera
Inclusion bodies are unbound, free in cytoplasm
“Reserve material in prokaryotic cells are stored in the cytoplasm in the form of inclusion bodies”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 91, section 8.4.2
Tested in: NEET 2020 Q128
Learn it: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Cell Membrane composition
Tested 2 times
In short: The detailed structure of the cell membrane was studied only after the electron microscope arrived in the 1950s
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 93, section 8.5.1
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q97, NEET 2025 Q167
Learn it: Cell Membrane Wall · Cell Organelles Mitochondria Plastid
Active transport across the membrane
In short: A few ions or molecules are transported across the membrane against their concentration gradient, i.e., from lower to higher concentration
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 94, section 8.5.1
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q103
Learn it: Cell Membrane Wall
Endomembrane system
Tested 3 times
In short: Connected membranes — ER (rough = ribosomes for protein synthesis
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 95, section 8.5
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q108, NEET 2026 Q123, NEET 2023 Q166
Learn it: Cell Organelles Endomembrane
RER bears ribosomes, SER lacks them and is the major lipid-synthesis site
“Electron microscopic studies of eukaryotic cells reveal the presence of a network or reticulum of tiny tubular structures scattered in the cytoplasm that is called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 95, section 8.5
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q151
Learn it: Cell Organelles Endomembrane
Golgi apparatus: flat, disc-shaped sacs called cisternae
“They consist of many flat, disc-shaped sacs or cisternae of 0.5µm to 1.0µm diameter”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 95, section 8.5
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q117
Learn it: Cell Organelles Mitochondria Plastid
Golgi apparatus: cis-face intake, trans-face release
Tested 2 times
“The golgi apparatus principally performs the function of packaging materials, to be delivered either to the intra-cellular targets or secreted outside the cell”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 96, section 8.5.3.2
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q97, NEET 2025 Q113
Learn it: Cell Organelles Endomembrane · Cell Organelles Mitochondria Plastid
Mitochondria and plastids
Tested 5 times
In short: Mitochondria: double membrane
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 97, section 8.5.5
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q96, NEET 2026 Q97, NEET 2025 Q167, NEET 2024 Q129, NEET 2024 Q182
Learn it: Cell Organelles Mitochondria Plastid · Cell Membrane Wall
Mitochondrial inner membrane infoldings are the cristae
“The inner membrane forms a number of infoldings called the cristae (sing.: crista) towards the matrix”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 97, section 8.5.5
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q117
Learn it: Cell Organelles Mitochondria Plastid
Chloroplast stroma has circular double-stranded DNA
“It also contains small, double-stranded circular DNA molecules and ribosomes”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 98, section 8.5.5
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q136
Learn it: Cell Organelles Mitochondria Plastid
Ribosomes
In short: Ribosomes are the granular structures first observed under the electron microscope as dense particles by George Palade (1953)
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 98, section 8.5.6
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q152
Learn it: Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Cilia
Cytoskeleton
In short: An elaborate network of filamentous proteinaceous structures consisting of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments present in the cytoplasm is collectively referred to as the cytoskeleton
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 98, section 8.5.7
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q163
Learn it: Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Cilia
Thylakoids: flattened membranous sacs in the chloroplast stroma
“A number of organised flattened membranous sacs called the thylakoids, are present in the stroma”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 98, section 8.5.7
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q117
Learn it: Cell Organelles Mitochondria Plastid
Cilia and flagella: the 9+2 array
Tested 2 times
In short: Cilia and flagella are hair-like outgrowths of the cell membrane
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 99, section 8.5.8
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q167, NEET 2024 Q182
Learn it: Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Cilia · Cell Membrane Wall
Centrosome and centrioles
Tested 2 times
In short: A centrosome is an organelle usually containing two cylindrical structures called centrioles
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 99, section 8.5.9
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q129, NEET 2024 Q182
Learn it: Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Cilia · Cell Organelles Endomembrane
Nuclear pores, perinuclear space, enucleate cells
“…forms a barrier between the materials present inside the nucleus and that of the cytoplasm”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 100, section 8.5.10
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q110
Learn it: Nucleus Chromosomes
Nucleus and chromosomes
Tested 3 times
In short: Nucleus bounded by nuclear envelope with pores
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 101, section 8.6
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q129, NEET 2022 Q149, NEET 2021 Q119
Learn it: Nucleus Chromosomes · Cell Organelles Endomembrane
Centromere is the primary constriction of a chromosome
“Every chromosome (visible only in dividing cells) essentially has a primary constriction or the centromere”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 101, section 8.6
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q117
Learn it: Cell Organelles Mitochondria Plastid
Microbodies
In short: Many membrane bound minute vesicles called microbodies, that contain various enzymes, are present in both plant and animal cells
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 102, section 8.5.11
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q110
Learn it: Nucleus Chromosomes · Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Cilia

Class 11, Chapter 9: Biomolecules

Printed pages 104–119. 13 lines tested by 13 questions.

Topics in this chapter (3), in NCERT order

Biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipidsp. 1086 PYQs
Biomolecules Proteins Nucleicp. 1125 PYQs
Enzymesp. 11611 PYQs

Nitrogen base, nucleoside, nucleotide, amino acid terms
“Some of these are nitrogen bases – adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, and thymine. When found attached to a sugar, they are called nucleosides”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 9, p. 106, section 9.1
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q103
Learn it: Biomolecules Proteins Nucleic
Fatty acids, saturation, esters, phospholipids
Tested 2 times
“Fatty acids could be saturated (without double bond) or unsaturated (with one or more C=C double bonds)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 9, p. 106, section 9.1
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q101, NEET 2022 Q143
Learn it: Biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids
Table 9.5: proteins and their functions
In short: Table 9.5 lists proteins with their functions: Collagen — intercellular ground substance
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 9, p. 109, section 9.4
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q144
Learn it: Enzymes · Biomolecules Proteins Nucleic
Starch-iodine blue colour vs cellulose
“Starch forms helical secondary structures. In fact, starch can hold I2 molecules in the helical portion. The starch-I2 is blue in colour. Cellulose does not contain complex helices and hence cannot hold I2”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 9, p. 110, section 9.5
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q135
Learn it: Biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids
Adult haemoglobin: 4 subunits, two alpha two beta
“Adult human haemoglobin consists of 4 subunits. Two of these are identical to each other. Hence, two subunits of α type and two subunits of β type together constitute the human haemoglobin (Hb)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 9, p. 112, section 9.7
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q160
Learn it: Biomolecules Proteins Nucleic
Catalytic cycle of enzyme action, in order
“First, the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, fitting into the active site”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 9, p. 115, section 9.8.3
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q192
Learn it: Enzymes
Enzymes: activity, substrate saturation and competitive inhibition
Tested 2 times
In short: Almost all enzymes are proteins
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 9, p. 116, section 9.7
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q124, NEET 2023 Q176
Learn it: Enzymes
Temperature effect on enzyme activity
“Low temperature preserves the enzyme in a temporarily inactive state whereas high temperature destroys enzymatic activity because proteins are denatured by heat”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 9, p. 116, section 9.8.4
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q176
Learn it: Enzymes
Competitive inhibitor: malonate on succinic dehydrogenase
Tested 2 times
“When the inhibitor closely resembles the substrate in its molecular structure and inhibits the activity of the enzyme, it is known as competitive inhibitor”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 9, p. 117, section 9.8.4
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q124, NEET 2023 Q176
Learn it: Enzymes
Enzyme classes: transferases and hydrolases
“Transferases: Enzymes catalysing a transfer of a group, G (other than hydrogen) between a pair of substrate S and S”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 9, p. 117, section 9.8.5
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q156
Learn it: Enzymes · Biomolecules Proteins Nucleic
Apoenzyme: protein portion of an enzyme
“In these instances, the protein portion of the enzymes is called the apoenzyme”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 9, p. 118, section 9.8.6
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q116
Learn it: Enzymes
Zinc cofactor for carboxypeptidase
“A number of enzymes require metal ions for their activity which form coordination bonds with side chains at the active site”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 9, p. 118, section 9.8.6
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q105
Learn it: Enzymes
Haem prosthetic group in catalase and peroxidase
“Prosthetic groups are organic compounds and are distinguished from other cofactors in that they are tightly bound to the apoenzyme”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 9, p. 118, section 9.8.6
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q143
Learn it: Enzymes

Class 11, Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Printed pages 120–130. 22 lines tested by 20 questions.

Topics in this chapter (3), in NCERT order

Cell Cycle Phasesp. 1216 PYQs
Mitosis Phasesp. 1224 PYQs
Meiosis Phasesp. 12610 PYQs

Cell cycle phases
Tested 2 times
In short: Interphase (~95%): G1 (cell growth), S (DNA replication, 2C → 4C), G2 (preparation for M)
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 121, section 10.1
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q128, NEET 2024 Q158
Learn it: Cell Cycle Phases
G1 phase growth; S phase DNA synthesis
“During G1 phase, the cell is metabolically active and continuously grows but does not replicate its DNA”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 121, section 10.1
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q96
Learn it: Mitosis Phases
G1 and G2 phase definitions
“G1 phase corresponds to the interval between mitosis and initiation of DNA replication”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 121, section 10.1.1
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q149
Learn it: Cell Cycle Phases
S phase doubles DNA but not chromosome number
“…there is no increase in the chromosome number; if the cell had diploid or 2n number of chromosomes at G1, even after S phase the number of chromosomes remains the same, i.e., 2n”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 121, section 10.1.1
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q162
Learn it: Cell Cycle Phases
G0 cells stay metabolically active; centrosome duplicates in S phase
Tested 2 times
“Cells in this stage remain metabolically active but no longer proliferate unless called on to do so depending on the requirement of the organism”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 122, section 10.1.1
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q186, NEET 2021 Q182
Learn it: Cell Cycle Phases · Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Cilia
M phase is equational; G0 is an inactive stage
Tested 2 times
“Since the number of chromosomes in the parent and progeny cells is the same, it is also called as equational division”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 122, section 10.1.1/10.2
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q149, NEET 2020 Q95
Learn it: Cell Cycle Phases
Prophase: duplicated centrosome moves towards opposite poles
“The centrosome, which had undergone duplication during S phase of interphase, now begins to move towards opposite poles of the cell”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 122, section 10.2
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q103
Learn it: Mitosis Phases
Spindle fibres attach at kinetochores, not centromere
“Small disc-shaped structures at the surface of the centromeres are called kinetochores. These structures serve as the sites of attachment of spindle fibres to the chromosomes”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 123, section 10.2.2
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q181
Learn it: Mitosis Phases
Metaphase: condensation complete, spindle fibres attach to kinetochores
“By this stage, condensation of chromosomes is completed and they can be observed clearly under the microscope”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 123, section 10.2.2
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q103
Learn it: Mitosis Phases
Spindle fibres position and then separate chromosomes
Tested 3 times
“Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of chromosomes. l Chromosomes are moved to spindle equator”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 123, section 10.2.2/10.2.3
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q96, NEET 2024 Q126, NEET 2023 Q189
Learn it: Mitosis Phases · Meiosis Phases
Telophase: nuclear envelope, nucleolus, golgi, ER reform
“Nuclear envelope develops around the chromosome clusters at each pole forming two daughter nuclei. l Nucleolus, golgi complex and ER reform”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 124, section 10.2.4
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q189
Learn it: Meiosis Phases
Karyokinesis then cytokinesis completes cell division
“Mitosis accomplishes not only the segregation of duplicated chromosomes into daughter nuclei (karyokinesis), but the cell itself is divided into two daughter cells by the separation of cytoplasm called cytokinesis at the end of which cell division gets completed”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 124, section 10.2.4
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q158
Learn it: Cell Cycle Phases
Chromosome pairing is a meiosis-only feature
Tested 2 times
“Meiosis involves pairing of homologous chromosomes and recombination between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 125, section 10.4
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q189, NEET 2022 Q103
Learn it: Mitosis Phases · Meiosis Phases
Meiosis: one DNA replication, two divisions
“Meiosis involves two sequential cycles of nuclear and cell division called meiosis I and meiosis II but only a single cycle of DNA replication”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 125, section 10.4
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q152
Learn it: Meiosis Phases
Recombination nodules appear at pachytene
Tested 3 times
“This stage is characterised by the appearance of recombination nodules, the sites at which crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 126, section 10.4.1
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q166, NEET 2023 Q119, NEET 2022 Q108
Learn it: Meiosis Phases
Diplotene: dissolution of synaptonemal complex
Tested 2 times
“The beginning of diplotene is recognised by the dissolution of the synaptonemal complex and the tendency of the recombined homologous chromosomes of the bivalents to separate from each other except at the sites of crossovers”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 126, section 10.4.1
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q128, NEET 2020 Q125
Learn it: Meiosis Phases
Diakinesis: terminalisation of chiasmata
Tested 3 times
“The final stage of meiotic prophase I is diakinesis. This is marked by terminalisation of chiasmata”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 126, section 10.4.1
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q166, NEET 2023 Q189, NEET 2021 Q154
Learn it: Meiosis Phases
Leptotene visibility; zygotene synapsis/synaptonemal complex
Tested 2 times
“…the chromosomes become gradually visible under the light microscope. The compaction of chromosomes continues throughout leptotene”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 126, section 10.4.1
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q128, NEET 2024 Q166
Learn it: Meiosis Phases
Tetrads become distinct at pachytene, not leptotene
“…the four chromatids of each bivalent chromosomes becomes distinct and clearly appear as tetrads”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 126, section 10.4.1
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q189
Learn it: Meiosis Phases
Anaphase II, not Anaphase I, splits the centromere
“The homologous chromosomes separate, while sister chromatids remain associated at their centromeres”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 127, section 10.4.1/10.4.2
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q133
Learn it: Meiosis Phases
No DNA replication during interkinesis
“The stage between the two meiotic divisions is called interkinesis and is generally short lived”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 127, section 10.4.1/10.4.2
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q152
Learn it: Meiosis Phases
Telophase II ends meiosis with four haploid daughter cells
“Meiosis ends with telophase II, in which the two groups of chromosomes once again get enclosed by a nuclear envelope; cytokinesis follows resulting in the formation of tetrad of cells i.e., four haploid daughter cells”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 128, section 10.4.1/10.4.2
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q152
Learn it: Meiosis Phases

Class 11, Chapter 11: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Printed pages 131–152. 9 lines tested by 13 questions.

Topics in this chapter (4), in NCERT order

Photosynthesis Chloroplastp. 1373 PYQs
Photosynthesis Light Reactionsp. 1393 PYQs
Photosynthesis C3 C4 CAMp. 14610 PYQs
Photosynthesis Factorsp. 1490 PYQs

Colours of the four leaf pigments
“…not due to a single pigment but due to four pigments: Chlorophyll a (bright or blue green in the chromatogram), chlorophyll b (yellow green), xanthophylls (yellow) and carotenoids (yellow to yellow-orange)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 11, p. 137, section 11.4
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q164
Learn it: Photosynthesis Chloroplast
Chloroplast and pigments
Tested 3 times
In short: Chloroplast: outer + inner membrane
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 11, p. 137, section 13.3
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q97, NEET 2026 Q102, NEET 2023 Q116
Learn it: Photosynthesis Light Reactions · Cell Organelles Mitochondria Plastid
Chemiosmosis: proton gradient breakdown makes ATP
“This gradient is important because it is the breakdown of this gradient that leads to the synthesis of ATP”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 11, p. 141, section 11.6.3
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q119
Learn it: Photosynthesis Light Reactions
Biosynthetic (dark) phase needs CO2, ATP, NADPH
“This process does not directly depend on the presence of light but is dependent on the products of the light reaction, i.e., ATP and NADPH, besides CO2 and H2O”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 11, p. 142, section 11.7
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q134
Learn it: Photosynthesis Chloroplast
Chemiosmosis requires a membrane, a proton pump, a proton gradient and ATP synthase
“Chemiosmosis requires a membrane, a proton pump, a proton gradient and ATP synthase”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 11, p. 142, section 11.7
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q137
Learn it: Respiration Krebs ETC
ATP and NADPH required per CO2 fixed
“Hence for every CO2 molecule entering the Calvin cycle, 3 molecules of ATP and 2 of NADPH are required”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 11, p. 145, section 11.7.2
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q102
Learn it: Photosynthesis C3 C4 CAM
ATP/NADPH to make one glucose in Calvin cycle
Tested 2 times
“To make one molecule of glucose 6 turns of the cycle are required”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 11, p. 145, section 11.7.2
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q116, NEET 2023 Q120
Learn it: Photosynthesis C3 C4 CAM
C3, C4, CAM
Tested 2 times
In short: C3: CO2 fixed by RuBisCO → 3PGA (3-C)
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 11, p. 146, section 13.7
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q114, NEET 2021 Q103
Learn it: Photosynthesis C3 C4 CAM
Photorespiration present in C3, absent in C4
“In C3 plants some O2 does bind to RuBisCO, and hence CO2 fixation is decreased”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 11, p. 147, section 11.9
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q146
Learn it: Photosynthesis C3 C4 CAM

Class 11, Chapter 12: Respiration in Plants

Printed pages 153–165. 8 lines tested by 9 questions.

Topics in this chapter (3), in NCERT order

Glycolysis is the EMP pathway
“The scheme of glycolysis was given by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and J. Parnas, and is often referred to as the EMP pathway”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 12, p. 155, section 12.2
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q136
Learn it: Respiration Krebs ETC
Two ATP-utilising steps in glycolysis
“ATP is utilised at two steps: first in the conversion of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 12, p. 156, section 12.2
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q109
Learn it: Respiration Glycolysis
Glycolysis (EMP)
Tested 3 times
In short: Cytoplasm
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 12, p. 156, section 14.2
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q109, NEET 2024 Q141, NEET 2022 Q129
Learn it: Respiration Glycolysis · Cell Organelles Mitochondria Plastid
Fermentation releases under 7% of glucose energy
“In both lactic acid and alcohol fermentation not much energy is released; less than seven per cent of the energy in glucose is released and not all of it is trapped as high energy bonds of ATP”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 12, p. 157, section 12.3
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q127
Learn it: Respiration Fermentation
Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyses oxidative decarboxylation
“…undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by a complex set of reactions catalysed by pyruvic dehydrogenase”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 12, p. 158, section 12.4
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q136
Learn it: Respiration Krebs ETC
Citrate synthase forms citric acid in TCA cycle
“The TCA cycle starts with the condensation of acetyl group with oxaloacetic acid (OAA) and water to yield citric acid”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 12, p. 158, section 12.4.1
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q136
Learn it: Respiration Krebs ETC
Krebs cycle (TCA) and ETC
Tested 3 times
In short: Krebs (mitochondrial matrix): 1 acetyl-CoA → 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1 GTP + 2 CO2
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 12, p. 158, section 14.3
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q141, NEET 2023 Q137, NEET 2020 Q100
Learn it: Respiration Krebs ETC · Cell Organelles Mitochondria Plastid
ATP yield per NADH vs per FADH2 in ETC
“Oxidation of one molecule of NADH gives rise to 3 molecules of ATP, while that of one molecule of FADH2 produces 2 molecules of ATP”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 12, p. 160, section 12.4.2
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q144
Learn it: Respiration Krebs ETC

Class 11, Chapter 13: Plant Growth and Development

Printed pages 166–180. 16 lines tested by 15 questions.

Topics in this chapter (2), in NCERT order

Plant Growth Phasesp. 1685 PYQs
Plant Hormonesp. 17412 PYQs

Plant growth
In short: Indeterminate growth — meristems retain capacity
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 168, section 15.2
Tested in: NEET 2020 Q114
Learn it: Plant Growth Phases
Sigmoid growth: slow lag phase, rapid log (exponential) phase, stationary phase
“In most systems, the initial growth is slow (lag phase), and it increases rapidly thereafter - at an exponential rate (log or exponential phase”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 170, section 15.2
Tested in: NEET 2020 Q114
Learn it: Plant Growth Phases
Dedifferentiation precedes redifferentiation
Tested 3 times
“The living differentiated cells, that by now have lost the capacity to divide can regain the capacity of division under certain conditions. This phenomenon is termed as”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 172, section 13.2
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q126, NEET 2024 Q125, NEET 2023 Q102
Learn it: Plant Hormones · Anatomy Flowering Plants
Dedifferentiation: interfascicular and cork cambium form from differentiated parenchyma
“The living differentiated cells, that by now have lost the capacity to divide can regain the capacity of division under certain conditions. This phenomenon is termed as dedifferentiation”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 172, section 13.2
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q125
Learn it: Anatomy Flowering Plants
Plasticity definition and examples (heterophylly)
Tested 2 times
“Plants follow different pathways in response to environment or phases of life to form different kinds of structures. This ability is called plasticity”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 173, section 13.3
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q114, NEET 2021 Q106
Learn it: Plant Growth Phases
PGRs: growth-promoting vs growth-inhibiting groups; ABA is an inhibitor
“One group of PGRs are involved in growth promoting activities, such as cell division, cell enlargement, pattern formation, tropic growth, flowering, fruiting and seed formation”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 174, section 13.4.1
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q126
Learn it: Plant Hormones
Plant hormones
Tested 3 times
In short: Auxin (IAA) — apical dominance, phototropism
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 174, section 15.5
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q179, NEET 2024 Q150, NEET 2020 Q127
Learn it: Plant Hormones
Apical dominance: apical bud inhibits lateral bud growth
“…the growing apical bud inhibits the growth of the lateral (axillary) buds, a phenomenon called apical dominance”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 175, section 13.4.3.1
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q126
Learn it: Plant Hormones
2,4-D kills dicot weeds, spares mature monocots
Tested 2 times
“2, 4-D, widely used to kill dicotyledonous weeds, does not affect mature monocotyledonous plants. It is used to prepare weed-free lawns by gardeners”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 176, section 13.4.3.1
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q110, NEET 2024 Q115
Learn it: Plant Hormones
Auxins induce parthenocarpy
“Auxins also induce parthenocarpy, e.g., in tomatoes. They are widely used as herbicides”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 176, section 13.4.3.1
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q126
Learn it: Plant Hormones
Gibberellins hasten conifer maturity for early seed production
“Spraying juvenile conifers with GAs hastens the maturity period, thus leading to early seed production”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 176, section 13.4.3.2
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q123
Learn it: Plant Hormones
Gibberellins sprayed on sugarcane lengthen the stem and raise the yield
Tested 2 times
“Sugarcane stores carbohydrate as sugar in their stems. Spraying sugarcane crop with gibberellins increases the length of the stem, thus increasing the yield by as much as 20 tonnes per acre”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 176, section 13.4.3.2
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q150, NEET 2020 Q127
Learn it: Plant Hormones
Ethylene promotes female flowers in cucumber
“It promotes female flowers in cucumbers thereby increasing the yield”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 177, section 13.4.3.4
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q110
Learn it: Plant Hormones
Ethylene elongates internode/petiole in deep water rice
“Ethylene promotes rapid internode/petiole elongation in deep water rice plants”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 177, section 13.4.3.4
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q132
Learn it: Plant Hormones
Ethylene promotes root and root-hair growth
“Ethylene also promotes root growth and root hair formation, thus helping the plants to increase their absorption surface”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 177, section 13.4.3.4
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q124
Learn it: Plant Hormones
Cytokinins promote nutrient mobilisation, delaying leaf senescence
“Cytokinins help overcome the apical dominance. They promote nutrient mobilisation which helps in the delay of leaf senescence”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 13, p. 177, section 13.4.3.4
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q179
Learn it: Plant Hormones

Class 11, Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Printed pages 181–192. 6 lines tested by 6 questions.

Topics in this chapter (3), in NCERT order

Breathing Respiratory Organsp. 1832 PYQs
Breathing Mechanism Volumesp. 1863 PYQs
Breathing Gas Transportp. 1895 PYQs

Conducting part vs exchange part functions
“The conducting part transports the atmospheric air to the alveoli, clears it from foreign particles, humidifies and also brings the air to body temperature”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 14, p. 185, section 14.1.1
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q176
Learn it: Breathing Respiratory Organs
Respiratory volumes
Tested 2 times
In short: TV (tidal volume) ~500 mL
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 14, p. 186, section 17.3
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q162, NEET 2023 Q165
Learn it: Breathing Mechanism Volumes
Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 at alveoli
In short: Table 14.1 gives partial pressures (mm Hg): in atmospheric air O2=159, CO2=0.3
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 14, p. 187, section 14.3
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q155
Learn it: Breathing Gas Transport
High pO2 and lesser H+ favour oxyhaemoglobin
“In the alveoli, where there is high pO2 , low pCO2 , lesser H+ concentration and lower temperature, the factors are all favourable for the formation of oxyhaemoglobin”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 14, p. 189, section 14.4.1
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q176
Learn it: Breathing Gas Transport
O2 delivered per 100 ml oxygenated blood
“Every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver around 5 ml of O2 to the tissues under normal physiological conditions”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 14, p. 189, section 14.4.1
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q184
Learn it: Breathing Gas Transport
Gas transport
In short: O2 transport: about 97% of O2 is carried by haemoglobin in RBCs (each haemoglobin molecule carries a maximum of four O2 molecules)
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 14, p. 189, section 17.4
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q176
Learn it: Breathing Gas Transport

Class 11, Chapter 15: Body Fluids and Circulation

Printed pages 193–204. 11 lines tested by 9 questions.

Topics in this chapter (4), in NCERT order

Circulation Blood Lymphp. 1931 PYQ
Circulation Blood Groups Coagulationp. 1953 PYQs
Circulation Heart Cardiac Cyclep. 19910 PYQs
Circulation BP Disordersp. 2020 PYQs

Spleen is the graveyard of RBCs
“RBCs have an average life span of 120 days after which they are destroyed in the spleen (graveyard of RBCs)”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 15, p. 194, section 15.1.2
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q153
Learn it: Circulation Blood Groups Coagulation
Basophils: granulocytes secreting histamine, heparin
“Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are different types of granulocytes, while lymphocytes and monocytes are the agranulocytes”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 15, p. 194, section 15.1.2
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q192
Learn it: Circulation Blood Lymph
ABO Grouping
In short: ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens (chemicals that can induce immune response) on RBCs, namely A and B
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 15, p. 195, section 15.1.3.1
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q161
Learn it: Circulation Blood Groups Coagulation
Coagulation of Blood
In short: Blood exhibits coagulation or clotting in response to injury or trauma
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 15, p. 196, section 15.1.4
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q117
Learn it: Circulation Blood Groups Coagulation
Coagulum is a network of fibrin threads
Tested 2 times
“It is a clot or coagulam formed mainly of a network of threads called fibrins in which dead and damaged formed elements of blood are trapped”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 15, p. 196, section 15.1.4
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q117, NEET 2022 Q153
Learn it: Circulation Blood Groups Coagulation
Pericardium: double walled bag around the heart
“Heart, the mesodermally derived organ, is situated in the thoracic cavity, in between the two lungs, slightly tilted to the left”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 15, p. 198, section 15.1.3.2
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q95
Learn it: Neural Human Nervous System
AV bundle divides into bundle branches, Purkinje fibres
“A bundle of nodal fibres, atrio-ventricular bundle (AV bundle) continues from the AVN which passes through the atrio-ventricular septa to emerge on the top of the inter-ventricular septum and immediately divides into a right and left bundle”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 15, p. 199, section 15.3.1
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q151
Learn it: Circulation Heart Cardiac Cycle
Joint diastole: blood flows freely to ventricles
“As the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open, blood from the pulmonary veins and vena cava flows into the left and the right ventricle”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 15, p. 199, section 15.3.2
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q189
Learn it: Circulation Heart Cardiac Cycle
Heart and cardiac cycle
In short: Human heart: four-chambered (2 atria + 2 ventricles)
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 15, p. 199, section 18.3
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q198
Learn it: Circulation Heart Cardiac Cycle
ECG: P-wave, QRS complex and T-wave
“The P-wave represents the electrical excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria, which leads to the contraction of both the atria”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 15, p. 201, section 18.3
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q198
Learn it: Circulation Heart Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac activity: nodal tissue, medulla, adrenal medulla
“Normal activities of the heart are regulated intrinsically, i.e., auto regulated by specialised muscles (nodal tissue), hence the heart is called myogenic”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 15, p. 202, section 15.5
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q136
Learn it: Circulation Heart Cardiac Cycle

Class 11, Chapter 16: Excretory Products and their Elimination

Printed pages 205–216. 6 lines tested by 8 questions.

Topics in this chapter (3), in NCERT order

Excretion Kidney Nephronp. 2057 PYQs
Excretion Urine Formationp. 2091 PYQ
Excretion Regulation Disordersp. 2122 PYQs

Uricotelic animals excrete uric acid as pellet/paste
“Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called uricotelic animals”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 16, p. 205, section 19.1
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q156
Learn it: Excretion Kidney Nephron
Cortical vs juxtamedullary nephron loop length
Tested 2 times
“In majority of nephrons, the loop of Henle is too short and extends only very little into the medulla. Such nephrons are called cortical nephrons”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 16, p. 208, section 19.1
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q189, NEET 2023 Q158
Learn it: Excretion Kidney Nephron
Henle's loop limb permeability to water vs electrolytes
Tested 2 times
“The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes. This concentrates the filtrate as it moves down”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 16, p. 209, section 19.3
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q157, NEET 2024 Q180
Learn it: Excretion Kidney Nephron · Excretion Urine Formation
PCT lined by simple cuboidal brush border epithelium
Tested 2 times
“Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): PCT is lined by simple cuboidal brush border epithelium which increases the surface area for reabsorption”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 16, p. 209, section 19.3
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q161, NEET 2024 Q180
Learn it: Excretion Kidney Nephron
PCT and DCT: selective secretion and HCO3- reabsorption
“PCT also helps to maintain the pH and ionic balance of the body fluids by selective secretion of hydrogen ions and ammonia into the filtrate and by absorption of HCO3 – from it”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 16, p. 209, section 19.3
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q161
Learn it: Excretion Kidney Nephron
Regulation and disorders
Tested 2 times
In short: ADH (vasopressin): water reabsorption in CD
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 16, p. 212, section 19.4
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q167, NEET 2023 Q193
Learn it: Excretion Regulation Disorders · Endocrine Adrenal Pancreas Gonads

Class 11, Chapter 17: Locomotion and Movement

Printed pages 217–229. 10 lines tested by 15 questions.

Topics in this chapter (2), in NCERT order

Locomotion Muscle Contractionp. 2184 PYQs
Locomotion Skeleton Joints Disordersp. 22411 PYQs

Muscle: Types by Location
Tested 2 times
In short: Muscle is a mesodermal tissue contributing about 40-50% of adult body weight, with properties of excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 17, p. 218, section 17.2
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q173, NEET 2021 Q159
Learn it: Locomotion Muscle Contraction
Structure of the Muscle Fibre
In short: A skeletal muscle is made of muscle bundles (fascicles) held together by fascia, each fascicle containing many muscle fibres
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 17, p. 219, section 17.2
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q199
Learn it: Locomotion Muscle Contraction
The Sarcomere
In short: The light band of a myofibril contains actin and is called the I-band (Isotropic band)
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 17, p. 220, section 17.2
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q199
Learn it: Locomotion Muscle Contraction
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
In short: The sliding filament theory states that muscle contraction occurs by the sliding of thin filaments over thick filaments
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 17, p. 222, section 17.2.2
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q152
Learn it: Locomotion Muscle Contraction
Vertebral Column, Sternum and Ribs
Tested 3 times
In short: The vertebral column has 26 serially arranged vertebrae, extending from the base of the skull
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 17, p. 225, section 17.3
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q91, NEET 2026 Q158, NEET 2020 Q119
Learn it: Locomotion Skeleton Joints Disorders
Appendicular Skeleton: Limbs and Girdles
Tested 2 times
In short: The bones of the limbs with their girdles form the appendicular skeleton
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 17, p. 226, section 17.3
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q104, NEET 2020 Q119
Learn it: Locomotion Skeleton Joints Disorders
Scapula is a triangular flat bone
“Scapula is a large triangular flat bone situated in the dorsal part of the thorax between the second and the seventh ribs”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 17, p. 226, section 17.3
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q191
Learn it: Locomotion Skeleton Joints Disorders
Joints
Tested 3 times
In short: Joints are points of contact between bones, or between bones and cartilages
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 17, p. 227, section 17.4
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q184, NEET 2023 Q182, NEET 2022 Q157
Learn it: Locomotion Skeleton Joints Disorders
Cranium formed by fibrous joints (sutures)
“Fibrous joints do not allow any movement. This type of joint is shown by the flat skull bones which fuse end-to-end with the help of dense fibrous connective tissues in the form of sutures, to form the cranium”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 17, p. 227, section 17.4
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q191
Learn it: Locomotion Skeleton Joints Disorders
Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System
Tested 3 times
In short: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction, leading to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 17, p. 227, section 17.5
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q162, NEET 2022 Q182, NEET 2021 Q160
Learn it: Locomotion Skeleton Joints Disorders

Class 11, Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination

Printed pages 230–238. 5 lines tested by 5 questions.

Topics in this chapter (2), in NCERT order

Neural Human Nervous Systemp. 2314 PYQs
Neural Neuron Impulse Synapsep. 2321 PYQ

Types of Synapses
In short: A nerve impulse passes from one neuron to another through junctions called synapses
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 18, p. 234, section 18.3.2
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q194
Learn it: Neural Neuron Impulse Synapse
Brain Overview and Meninges
In short: The brain is the central information processing organ, acting as the command and control system: it controls voluntary movements, body balance, vital involuntary organ function, thermoregulation, hunger and thirst, circadian rhythms, endocrine gland activity and behaviour, and processes vision, hearing, speech, memory, intelligence, emotions and thoughts
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 18, p. 235, section 18.4
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q95
Learn it: Neural Human Nervous System
Forebrain
In short: The forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 18, p. 236, section 18.4.1
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q190
Learn it: Neural Human Nervous System
Limbic system, hypothalamus regulate emotions
“Along with the hypothalamus, it is involved in the regulation of sexual behaviour, expression of emotional reactions (e.g., excitement, pleasure, rage and fear), and motivation”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 18, p. 236, section 18.4.1
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q197
Learn it: Neural Human Nervous System
Hindbrain
Tested 2 times
In short: The hindbrain comprises pons, cerebellum and medulla (also called the medulla oblongata)
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 18, p. 236, section 18.4.3
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q170, NEET 2024 Q190
Learn it: Neural Human Nervous System

Class 11, Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration

Printed pages 239–252. 14 lines tested by 16 questions.

Topics in this chapter (2), in NCERT order

Endocrine Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroidp. 2396 PYQs
Endocrine Adrenal Pancreas Gonadsp. 2446 PYQs

The Hypothalamus
In short: The hypothalamus is the basal part of the diencephalon (forebrain) and regulates a wide spectrum of body functions
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 240, section 19.2.1
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q170
Learn it: Neural Human Nervous System · Endocrine Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid
The Pituitary Gland
Tested 4 times
In short: The pituitary is in the sella tursica, attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk, and divided into adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 241, section 19.2.2
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q99, NEET 2026 Q148, NEET 2025 Q120, NEET 2024 Q200
Learn it: Endocrine Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid
Pars intermedia secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
“Pars intermedia secretes only one hormone called melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 241, section 19.2.2
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q115
Learn it: Female Reproductive System
Thyroid Gland
In short: The thyroid gland has two lobes on either side of the trachea, interconnected by a thin flap of connective tissue called the isthmus, and is composed of follicles and stromal tissue
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 242, section 19.2.4
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q200
Learn it: Endocrine Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid
Hyperthyroidism and Exophthalmic Goitre
Tested 3 times
In short: Due to cancer of the thyroid gland or nodule development, the rate of synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones can increase to abnormally high levels, a condition called hyperthyroidism, which adversely affects body physiology
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 243, section 19.2.4
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q200, NEET 2023 Q190, NEET 2020 Q98
Learn it: Endocrine Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid · Endocrine Adrenal Pancreas Gonads
Parathyroid Gland and Thymus
In short: In humans, four parathyroid glands are present on the back of the thyroid gland, one pair in each lobe
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 243, section 19.2.5-19.2.6
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q192
Learn it: Endocrine Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid
Adrenal Medulla and Addison's Disease
Tested 2 times
In short: The body has one pair of adrenal glands, one above each kidney
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 244, section 19.2.7
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q105, NEET 2020 Q98
Learn it: Endocrine Adrenal Pancreas Gonads
Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline, the catecholamines
“The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones called adrenaline or epinephrine and noradrenaline or norepinephrine. These are commonly called as catecholamines”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 244, section 19.2.7
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q115
Learn it: Female Reproductive System
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
In short: The adrenal cortex has three layers: zona reticularis (inner), zona fasciculata (middle) and zona glomerulosa (outer)
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 245, section 19.2.7
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q135
Learn it: Endocrine Adrenal Pancreas Gonads
Pancreas is a composite gland, both exocrine and endocrine
“Pancreas is a composite gland (Figure 19.1) which acts as both exocrine and endocrine gland”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 245, section 19.2.7
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q195
Learn it: Animal Tissues
Pancreas: Glucagon and Insulin
Tested 2 times
In short: The pancreas is a composite gland acting as both exocrine and endocrine gland
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 245, section 19.2.8
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q124, NEET 2024 Q156
Learn it: Endocrine Adrenal Pancreas Gonads
Diabetes Mellitus
In short: As a result of insulin action, glucose moves rapidly from blood into hepatocytes and adipocytes, decreasing blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia)
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 246, section 19.2.8
Tested in: NEET 2020 Q98
Learn it: Endocrine Adrenal Pancreas Gonads
Hormones of Heart, Kidney and Gastrointestinal Tract
Tested 3 times
In short: Hormones are also secreted by tissues that are not endocrine glands
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 247, section 19.3
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q135, NEET 2023 Q167, NEET 2023 Q193
Learn it: Endocrine Adrenal Pancreas Gonads · Excretion Regulation Disorders
Hormones by chemical nature: steroids include cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone
“On the basis of their chemical nature, hormones can be divided into groups : (i) peptide, polypeptide, protein hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon, pituitary hormones, hypothalamic hormones, etc.) (ii) steroids (e.g., cortisol, testosterone, estradiol and progesterone) (iii) iodothyronines (thyroid hormones) (iv) amino-acid derivatives (e.g., epinephrine”
NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 248, section 19.3
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q156
Learn it: Endocrine Adrenal Pancreas Gonads

Class 11 (pre-2023 edition), Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

Printed pages 63–83. 4 lines tested by 5 questions. This chapter is not in the current (2023 rationalised) NCERT book; pages are from the pre-2023 edition.

Pneumatophores of Rhizophora grow vertically upwards for respiration
“In some plants such as Rhizophora growing in swampy areas, many roots come out of the ground and grow vertically upwards. Such roots, called pneumatophores, help to get oxygen for respiration”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 5, p. 67, section 5.1.2
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q123
Learn it: Morphology Root Stem
Stem tendrils and thorns from axillary buds; flattened stem of Opuntia
“Stem tendrils which develop from axillary buds, are slender and spirally coiled and help plants to climb such as in gourds (cucumber, pumpkins, watermelon) and grapevines”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 5, p. 68, section 5.2.1
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q123
Learn it: Morphology Root Stem
Stems of grass and strawberry spread and propagate vegetatively
“Underground stems of some plants such as grass and strawberry, etc., spread to new niches and when older parts die new plants are formed”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 5, p. 69, section 5.2.1
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q123
Learn it: Morphology Root Stem
Fabaceae (Leguminosae): floral characters of pea
Tested 4 times
“Flower: bisexual, zygomorphic”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 5, p. 79, section 5.9.1
Tested in: NEET 2025 Q106, NEET 2023 Q115, NEET 2022 Q125, NEET 2021 Q104
Learn it: Families Fabaceae Solanaceae · Morphology Flowering Plants

Class 11 (pre-2023 edition), Chapter 7: Structural Organisation in Animals

Printed pages 100–122. 7 lines tested by 6 questions. This chapter is not in the current (2023 rationalised) NCERT book; pages are from the pre-2023 edition.

Cuboidal epithelium lines nephron tubules; ciliated epithelium lines bronchioles
Tested 2 times
“The cuboidal epithelium is composed of a single layer of cube-like cells. This is commonly found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys and its main functions are secretion and absorption”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 7, p. 101, section 7.1.1
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q194, NEET 2022 Q187
Learn it: Animal Tissues
Glandular epithelium (goblet cells, salivary gland); compound epithelium sites
Tested 2 times
“They are mainly of two types: unicellular, consisting of isolated glandular cells (goblet cells of the alimentary canal), and multicellular, consisting of cluster of cells (salivary gland”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 7, p. 102, section 7.1.1
Tested in: NEET 2024 Q195, NEET 2022 Q187
Learn it: Animal Tissues
Connective tissues include cartilage, bone, adipose and blood; adipose is loose connective tissue
“…include cartilage, bone, adipose, and blood”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 7, p. 103, section 7.1.2
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q161
Learn it: Animal Tissues
Loose connective tissue (areolar with mast cells, adipose); dense regular (tendons, ligaments)
Tested 3 times
“It contains fibroblasts (cells that produce and secrete fibres), macrophages and mast cells”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 7, p. 103, section 7.1.2
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q157, NEET 2023 Q194, NEET 2022 Q187
Learn it: Animal Tissues
Cartilage, bones and blood are specialised connective tissues
Tested 3 times
“…bones and blood are various types of specialised connective tissues”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 7, p. 104, section 7.1.2
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q157, NEET 2023 Q194, NEET 2022 Q161
Learn it: Animal Tissues
Neuroglia are part of neural tissue: they protect and support neurons
“Neural tissue exerts the greatest control over the body”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 7, p. 105, section 7.1.4
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q161
Learn it: Animal Tissues
Frog: ten pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain
“There are ten pairs of cranial nerves arising from the brain”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 7, p. 119, section 7.5
Tested in: NEET 2026 Q135
Learn it: Frog Anatomy

Class 11 (pre-2023 edition), Chapter 12: Mineral Nutrition

Printed pages 194–205. 3 lines tested by 2 questions. This chapter is not in the current (2023 rationalised) NCERT book; pages are from the pre-2023 edition.

Iron and manganese functions in photosynthesis
“It activates catalase enzyme, and is essential for the formation of chlorophyll”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 12, p. 198, section 12.2.2
Tested in: NEET 2020 Q102
Zinc and boron functions in plant growth
“It is also needed in the synthesis of auxin”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 12, p. 198, section 12.2.2
Tested in: NEET 2020 Q102
Manganese: best defined function is splitting water to liberate oxygen
“Manganese: It is absorbed in the form of manganous ions (Mn2+). It activates many enzymes involved in photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen metabolism. The best defined function of manganese is in the splitting of water to liberate oxygen during photosynthesis”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 12, p. 198, section 12.2.2
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q124

Class 11 (pre-2023 edition), Chapter 16: Digestion and Absorption

Printed pages 255–267. 7 lines tested by 5 questions. This chapter is not in the current (2023 rationalised) NCERT book; pages are from the pre-2023 edition.

Gastro-oesophageal and pyloric sphincters; regions of the small intestine
Tested 2 times
“A muscular sphincter (gastro-oesophageal) regulates the opening of oesophagus into the stomach”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 16, p. 259, section 16.1
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q161, NEET 2021 Q175
Small intestine regions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
“Small intestine is distinguishable into three regions, a 'C' shaped duodenum, a long coiled middle portion jejunum and a highly coiled ileum”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 16, p. 259, section 16.1.1
Tested in: NEET 2020 Q96
Sphincter of Oddi at hepato-pancreatic duct
Tested 2 times
“The bile duct and the pancreatic duct open together into the duodenum as the common hepato-pancreatic duct which is guarded by a sphincter called the sphincter of Oddi”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 16, p. 261, section 16.1.1
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q161, NEET 2021 Q175
Saliva: mucus forms the bolus; amylase and lysozyme; gastro-oesophageal sphincter
Tested 2 times
“Mucus in saliva helps in lubricating and adhering the masticated food particles into a bolus”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 16, p. 261, section 16.1.1
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q161, NEET 2022 Q172
Succus entericus is the intestinal juice
“…the secretions of the brush border cells of the mucosa alongwith the secretions of the goblet cells constitute the intestinal juice or succus entericus”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 16, p. 262, section 16.2
Tested in: NEET 2021 Q153
Digestive enzymes
In short: Saliva: amylase (starch → maltose)
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 16, p. 263, section 16.3
Tested in: NEET 2022 Q172
Ileo-caecal valve prevents backflow
Tested 2 times
“The undigested, unabsorbed substances called faeces enters into the caecum of the large intestine through ileo-caecal valve, which prevents the back flow of the faecal matter”
NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 16, p. 264, section 16.2/16.3
Tested in: NEET 2023 Q161, NEET 2021 Q175

Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Chapter 1

No line of this chapter is yet matched to a NEET question, but PrepBrix lessons teach from it. This chapter is not in the current (2023 rationalised) NCERT book; pages are from the pre-2023 edition.

Topics in this chapter (1), in NCERT order

What Is Livingp. 40 PYQs

Questions about this list

Which Class 11 NCERT Biology lines has NEET asked about more than once?: 74 of the 243 lines on this page were tested by two or more questions. The most tested: Mitochondria and plastids (NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 8, p. 97; 5 questions, 2024, 2025, 2026); The Pituitary Gland (NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 19, p. 241; 4 questions, 2024, 2025, 2026); Stamen fusion types: mono/di/polyadelphous (NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 5, p. 64; 4 questions, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024); Fabaceae (Leguminosae): floral characters of pea (NCERT Class 11 Biology (pre-2023 edition), Ch. 5, p. 79; 4 questions, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2025); Spindle fibres position and then separate chromosomes (NCERT Class 11 Biology, Ch. 10, p. 123; 3 questions, 2023, 2024, 2025).
How were these NCERT lines chosen?: Each line is an Class 11 NCERT Biology passage that a NEET question from 2020 to 2026 was matched to directly: the question can be answered from that line. 243 lines across 23 chapters, tied to 225 questions. The count covers the questions matched to our NCERT extract, which does not yet hold every page of the book, so a line missing here may still have been tested.
Which page numbers are these?: The page number printed in the NCERT book, not the page of a PDF file. Chapters are numbered as the current (2023 rationalised) edition prints them; a chapter that edition dropped is marked pre-2023 edition.
Which Class 11 NCERT Biology chapter has the most lines NEET tested?: Animal Kingdom (Class 11, Chapter 4): 25 lines, tied to 15 questions.

Question numbers are those of the test-booklet code we hold for each year (2020 H3, 2021 P3, 2022 R6, 2023 F3, 2024 Q3, 2025 47, 2026 50). Solve them on the Biology practice page, see both classes' chapters, or go back to all Biology units. Found a mistake? It will be fixed and listed in the corrections log.

NCERT line-by-line Biology Class 11 for NEET: the lines NEET tested

Class 11, Chapter 1: The Living World

Taxonomic categories

Class 11, Chapter 2: Biological Classification

Body organisation across the five kingdoms (Table 2.1)

Cyanobacteria are autotrophic Monerans

Cyanobacteria fix nitrogen in heterocysts (Nostoc, Anabaena)

Yeast used to make bread and beer

Criteria for classifying fungi into classes

Fungal sexual cycle: plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis

Rhizopus is a Phycomycete (bread mould)

Ascomycetes (Penicillium) form conidia asexually

Agaricus, Ustilago, Puccinia are Basidiomycetes

Viruses, viroids, prions, lichens

Lichens: symbiotic associations between algae and fungi

Prions (abnormally folded protein) cause BSE, mad cow disease

Class 11, Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom

Hydrocolloids: algin (brown), carrageen (red)

Phaeophyceae: reproduction, pigments, cell wall

Bryophytes

Bryophyte life cycle sequence

Liverwort gemmae: asexual reproduction

Strobili or cones in pteridophytes

Pteridophyte spores form by meiosis

Heterosporous pteridophytes: Selaginella, Salvinia

Pteridophyte classification

Pteridophyte prothallus and fertilisation

Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms: general features

Gymnosperm pollen tube grows to archegonia

Gymnosperms: fertilisation and seed formation

Class 11, Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom

Coelenterates, ctenophores, echinoderms are radial

Coelomate, pseudocoelomate, acoelomate defined

Physalia is the Portuguese man-of-war

Coelenterata: aquatic, radially symmetrical

Pleurobrachia is an example of Ctenophora

Ctenophora bioluminescence; Ctenoplana example

Ancylostoma is the hookworm (Aschelminthes)

Arthropoda

Limulus (King crab) is a living fossil

Radula is Mollusca's rasping feeding organ

Pinctada is the pearl oyster (Mollusca)

Water vascular system: locomotion, feeding, respiration

Asterias: adult radial, larva bilateral

Hemichordates are bilaterally symmetrical

Stomochord is Hemichordata's notochord-like structure

Vertebrates are chordates; notochord replaced

Chordates have closed circulation, gill slits

Table 4.1 chordate vs non-chordate features

Myxine (Hagfish) is a Cyclostomata example

All Cyclostomata are ectoparasites

Pristis (Saw fish) is a Chondrichthyes example

Air bladder regulates buoyancy in Osteichthyes

Exocoetus, Pterophyllum are Osteichthyes examples

Frog: a tympanum represents the ear

Mammary glands, hair, pinnae unique to mammals

Class 11, Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

Fibrous roots originate from stem base

Phyllotaxy

Flower is a modified shoot with floral meristem

Zygomorphic flower examples

Actinomorphic flower examples

Epigynous flowers have inferior ovary

Perigynous flower: half inferior ovary

Vexillary aestivation in pea and bean

Twisted aestivation: china rose, lady's finger, cotton

Stamen fusion types: mono/di/polyadelphous

Marginal placentation: two rows of ovules on the ventral suture, as in pea

Axile placentation: china rose, tomato, lemon

Parietal placentation (mustard, Argemone); free central (Dianthus, Primrose)

Drupe fruit: mango and coconut

Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed

Floral formula symbols for ovary position and symmetry

Solanaceae androecium is epipetalous

Solanaceae floral characters: actinomorphic, valvate corolla, epipetalous stamens; petunia

Solanaceae: calyx of five united sepals; ovary superior

Class 11, Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Radial vascular bundle arrangement in roots

Monocot root has polyarch xylem bundles